|
a
|
|
|
(Demographic)
Aging |
The process whereby the proportion of
elderly increases in a population.
|
|
Aging Index |
The ratio of the number of persons aged 65
and over, to the number of persons under 15, expressed per 100. |
|
b |
|
|
Brown Collar Ghetto |
Defined as the
part of Canada's workforce consisting of foreign trained professionals,
who are visible minorities and work in low wage menial jobs.
Source:
Newsletter. Canada Immigrant Job Issues. November, 2003.
|
|
|
|
Brown Collar Ghetto Index
(BCGI) |
Defined as the total Brown Collar Ghetto
divided by the total number of non-white working foreign trained
professionals by period of arrival (usually a year). The higher the BCGI
the more racist the working practices are.
Source:
Newsletter.
Canada Immigrant Job Issues. November, 2003.
Note. It is possible that
some white professionals are underemployed and working below their
potential, but their situation must be considered separately since they
are not subject to 'racial discrimination' or to a selection process,
but to general economic and social conditions. In other words, they are
already part of the labour force either employed or unemployed, with
postsecondary education or without it, while immigrants passed through a
selection process based on strict requirements just to enter into the
Canadian labour force.
|
Business Class
Immigration |
Those who have the experience and resources
to contribute to the Canadian economy. Business immigrants include
investors, entrepreneurs, and self-employed immigrants.
|
|
c |
|
|
Citizen |
According to the Citizenship Act,
citizenship can be acquired either by birth or through the
naturalization process.
|
|
d |
|
|
Demography |
Demography is the study of human
populations. It encompasses the study of the size, structure and
distribution of populations and how populations change over the time due
to mortality, fertility, migration.
The term demographics is mistakenly used as a synonym for demography,
but it refers rather to selected population characteristics as used in
marketing or opinion research.
|
|
e |
|
|
Employment
Discrimination |
Is defined as negative employment decisions
based on statuses such as birthplace or origins, rather than based
solely on credentials and qualifications directly related to the
potential productivity of the employee.
Source: Jeffrey Reitz. "Immigrant Skill Utilization in the Canadian
Labour Market: Implications of Human Capital Research." 2001. |
|
f |
|
Family Class
Immigration |
Those immigrants who come to join close family
members in Canada.
|
|
Family Income |
It is the sum of
the total incomes of all members of that family
|
|
h |
|
|
Household |
A household may
consist of a family group (census family) with or without other non-family
persons; of two or more families sharing a dwelling; of a group of unrelated
persons; or of one person living alone.
|
|
Household Income |
It is the sum of
the total incomes of all members of a household 15 years of age and over.
|
|
i |
|
Illegal Hiring Practices
VS
"Illegal" Immigrants |
Those
practices used by employers violating labour standards by illegally
hiring undocumented workers, offering no benefits and sub-standard wages.
Therefore, illegality comes into effect at the moment when these hiring
practices take place.
|
Independent
Class Immigration |
Category referred to independent immigrants who
are subject to a point system, which considers age, education, ability to
speak English and/or French, skills, and work experience needed in Canada's
labour market. A permanent residence status is given when the applicant gets
seventy points.
|
|
l |
|
|
Labour Force |
The labour force comprises the total of the
employed (those in work) plus the unemployed (those seeking work).
|
|
m |
|
|
Merchants of
Immigration |
All of the people and associations that
benefit from immigrant recruitment and settlement services. They operate
in both sending and host countries, and they can be regulated or not by
the governments involved. They usually identify themselves as part of
the "immigration industry."
Source: Canada Immigrant Job
Issues. 2006.
|
|
Merchants of Labour |
Private agents have come to dominate
recruitment and deployment (of migrants) in many labour-sending nations.
Source: International Institute for Labour Studies. 2005.
|
|
n |
|
|
Nepotism |
It's defined as appointing or hiring
relatives to positions based on family status rather than on merit.
"Whether the nepotism be in favor of blood relatives, countrymen, or
classmates, since they have in common the use of non-monetary
considerations in deciding whether to hire, work with or buy from an
individual or group."
Source: Gary S. Becker. 1957.
|
|
Networking |
It is a common practice with which people are
helped by friends or contacts to get a job or a position in Canada. The
candidate for a position who already has a connection with an
organization, is more likely to receive "serious" consideration for the
job. So people are often hired on the basis of whom they know instead of
what they know. In other countries this practice is openly known as
nepotism.
|
|
p |
|
|
Pay inequity |
Is another form of employment discrimination
against immigrants. This occurs when immigrants have full access to jobs
involving significant skill and responsibility, so their skills are fully
utilized, but they are simply paid less than native-born workers doing the same
or similar jobs.
Source: Jeffrey Reitz. 2001.
Note: Pay inequity not only constitutes a failure to
provide equal pay for work of equal value, but it also generates higher rates of
surplus value.
|
|
Permanent Resident |
A person with permanent resident status is a
landed immigrant, or an immigrant who has settled permanently in Canada,
but has not acquired Canadian citizenship.
|
|
Poverty Rate |
Poverty rate or incidence of poverty refers
to the proportion of the population living in households with incomes
below the LICO. Source:
Canadian Council on Social Development,
Urban poverty in Canada. 2000.
Note: StatsCan has published
a set of measures called the low income cutoffs, and consistently
emphasized that these are quite different from measures of poverty;
however, LICO measures are relative indicators of low income.
Low Income Cut-Offs (LICO). LICOs are set according to the
proportion of annual family income spent on food, shelter and clothing.
A new base year for LICOs is adopted from time to time; in other words,
the cutoffs are adjusted to reflect more recent available data on family
spending patterns. StatsCan, 2004.
|
|
Provincial Nominees (Immigrants) |
Provincial nominees do not have to meet the
usual selection criteria, but they must pass health and security
requirements. British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick
and Newfoundland have recently signed agreements regarding the selection
of provincial nominees to fill specific provincial labour market needs.
|
|
r |
|
|
Racism |
A set of beliefs which asserts the natural
superiority of one racial group over another, at the individual but also
the institutional level. In one sense, racism refers to the belief that
biology rather than culture is the primary determinant of group
attitudes and actions. Racism goes beyond ideology; it involves
discriminatory practices that protect and maintain the position of
certain groups and sustain the inferior position of others. |
|
Refugee |
Convention Refugee: Is defined as a person outside of his country
of nationality who is unable or unwilling to return because of
persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,
religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
political opinion.
Designated Classes: Are persons in refugee-like situations who are
in need of resettlement, even though they may not meet the strict
definition of convention refugee.
|
|
Returning Residents |
Those residents in Canada that are not
Canadian citizens and are outside Canada for frequent or extended
visits. These people should apply for a returning resident permit.
|
|
s |
|
|
Systemic Racism
|
It is a specific type of racism. It is
a differential treatment given to particular racial groups through
apparently neutral rules, policies and procedures. It is reinforced by
institutional practices and power resulting in unfair treatment of
particular racial groups. It usually deals with employment. For example,
hiring procedures or entrance requirements may have the effect of
excluding various racial groups particularly from higher positions. Also
referred to as 'institutional' racism. |
|
u |
|
|
Underemployment |
The situation where workers cannot obtain
full-time employment or who are working at jobs for which they are
overqualified. Underemployment has also been defined as "involuntary
part-time" employment, or employment of a person on a part-time basis
when full-time work is desired.
|
|
Under-utilization of
Immigrant Skills |
(Brain Waste) Defined as any employment of
immigrants in work below a level of skill at which they could function
as effectively as native-born Canadians. It also represents one form of
employment discrimination based on immigrant status or immigrant
origins.
Source: Jeffrey Reitz. 2001. |
|
v |
|
|
Visible
Minorities
|
The Canadian Employment Equity Act defines
visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are
non-Caucasian in race or non-white in color."
Note: StatsCan
considers that the visible minority population includes the following
groups: Chinese, South [Asian East Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, etc.];
Black, Filipino, Latin American, Southeast Asian [Cambodian, Indonesian,
Laotian, Vietnamese, etc.]; Arab, West Asian [Afghan, Iranian, etc.];
Japanese, Korean, and Pacific Islander. |
|
w |
|
|
Workforce |
It is defined as employed persons (employees
and self-employed), who can be working either full-time or part-time.
|